Protocol of Callus Culture

Protocol of Callus Culture

Callus tissue can be induced from different plant parts of may plant species, however, carrot is a highly standarize material. The callus culture from exercise tap root of carrot is described below:

1. A fresh tap root of carrot is taken and washed thoroughly under running tap water to remove all surface dirts.

2. The tap root is then dipped into 5% “Teepol” for 10 minutes and then the root is washed. The carrot root, sterilized forceps, scalpels, other instruments, autoclaved nutrient medium Petri dishes are then transferred to laminar air flow or inoculation chamber. Throughout the manipulation sequences forceps, scalpels must be kept in 95% ethanol and flamed thoroughly before use.

3. The tap root surface sterilized by immersing in 70% v/v ethanol for 60 seconds, followed by 20-25 minutes in sodium hypochlorite ( 0.8% available chlorine).

4. The root is washed three times with sterilized distilled water to remove completely hypochlorite.

5. The carrot is then transferred to a sterilized petri dish containing a filter paper. A series of transverse slice 1mm in thickness is cut from the tap root using a sharp scalpel.

6. Each piece is transfer to another sterile petri dish. Each piece contains a whitish circular ring of cambium around the pith. An area of 4mm2 across the cambium is cut from each piece so that each piece contains part of phloem. Cambium and xylem size and thickness of explant should be uniform.

7. Always the lid of petri dish is replaced after each manipulation.

8. The closure from a culture tube is removed and flamed the uppermost 20mm of the open end. While holding the tube at an angle of 45 0, an explant is transferred using forceps onto surface of the surface of the agarified nutrient medium. Nutrient medium is Gamborg’s B5 or Ms medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/, 2,4-D.

9. The closure is immediately placed on the open mouth of each tube, Date, medium and name of the plant are written on the culture tube by a glass marking pen or pencil.

10. Culture tubes after inoculation are taken to the culture room where they are placed in the racks. Cultures are incubated in dark at 25 0C.

11. Usually, after 4 weeks in culture the explants incubated on medium with 2,4-D will form a substantial callus. The whole callus mass is taken out aseptically on a sterile petri dish and should be divided into two or three pieces.

12. Each piece of callus tissue is transferred to a tube containing fresh same medium.

13. Prolonged culture of carrot tissue products large calluses.

Essential nutrients for tissue culture

Provides all the essential nutrients • Amino acids, energy substrates, vitamins, minerals, salts, etc • Maintain constant pH • Hepes vs CO 2/HCO 3 buffering buffering • Phenol red indicator (yellow-orangemaroon) (acid>>>>>>>>alkaline)

Physicochemical Properties -Affecting Medium 1. pH - for normal cells – 7.4, for transformed cells 7.0 – 7.4 – phenol red 2. Buffering - – Commonly used systems: CO 2 , – Bicarbonate/HEPES, 3. Oxygen - dissolved oxygen – Correct O 2 tension so as to meet the requirement and avoid toxicity – Requirements depends upon type of culture – Selenium – guard against O 2 toxicity toxicity 4. Osmolality - 280-310 mOsm/kg – Measured using depression of the freezing point or elevation of the vapor pressure. – Helps guard against errors of weighing, dilution. – Addition of strong acids, bases like HEPES significantly affect. 5. Temperature • Keep at 4°C-Not use • Warm at 37C –before use to culture the cells

Animal Sera • Provides various hormones/ growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and function • Less well defined than Serum-free culture systems • Often difficult to culture cells without serum, but may interfere with studies of specific factors (e.g. insulin, glucose) Serum Containing Medium • Traditional undefined medium • Major source of various nutrients such as growth factors, adhesion factors, minerals, lipids, trace elements etc. • Commonly used sera: Calf, Fetal bovine, adult horse & human sera • Horse sera: less metabolism of polyamines, more consistent batch to batch • Human sera: only used for few cell lines, screening for HIV, hepatitis B virus. • Promotes cell proliferation, adhesion factors, antitrypsin activity and cell attachment, source of various nutrients Contents of Serum • Protein Contents: Albumin – carrier of lipids & minerals. • Fetuin & Fibronectin: promote attachment • α2 macroglobulin: inhibits trypsin • Transferrin: makes Iron less toxic and bioavailable. • Growth Factors: main role is in growth stimulation & are mitogenic E.g. PDGF, FGF, EGF, VEGF, Angiogenin etc. • PDGF – major growth factor • Hormones: Insulin: promotes uptake of glucose & amino acids, mitogenic when bound to IGF – I receptor • IGF - 1/2: mitogenic and stimulate growth • Hydrocortisone: promote cell attachment • Minerals: Iron, Copper, Zinc, Selenium – essential trace elements required for cell growth. Selenium: important role in detoxifying free radicals by promoting glutathione synthesis. • Inhibitors: TGF – β, hydrocortisone – cytostatic. • Apart from these, Carbohydrates (1.0 2.0 mg/mL), various vitamins (10ng - 10µg/mL), amino acids are also present. Advantages of Serum • Provides various components • Modulates physiological properties of medium • Protease inhibitors • Provides nutrients not present in basal medium • Carrier proteins for low molecular weight substances (e.g. transferrin) • Help in solubilization of poorly dissolved substances (e.g. apolipoprotein) • Cell substrate attachment (fibronectin, vironectin) • Various enzymes • Proteins which prevent non specific adsorption (e.g. albumin) • Neutralization of detergents • Prevents essential nutrients e.g. fatty acids Disadvantages of Serum in culture medium i. Potential introduction of animal viruses ii. Antibodies against viruses, to which host cell is exposed. iii. Availability of high quality iv. Undesirable contaminants v. High running costs & capital requirements vi. Shelf Life & Storage – always purchased in bulk vii. Physiological variability & consistency viii. Downstream Processing ix. Characterization of final product laborious.

SHOOT TIP CULTURE

SHOOT TIP CULTURE

Principle:

The excised shoot tip and meristem can be cultured aseptically on agar solidified simple nutrient medium or on paper bridges dipping into liquid medium and under appropriate conditions will grow out directly into a small leafy shoot or multiple shoots. Alternatively, the meristem may form a small callus at its cut base on which a large number of shoot primordia will develop. These shoot primordia grow out into multiple shoots. Once the shoot have been grown directly from the excised shoot tip or meristem, they can be propagated further by nodal cuttings. This process involves separating the shoot into small segment each containing one mode. The axillary bud on each segment will grow out in culture to form a yet another shoot. The excised stem tips of orchids in culture proliferate to form callus from which some organised juvenile structures known as protocorm develop. When the protocorm are separated and cultured on fresh medium, they develop into normal plants. The stem tips of Cuscuta reflexa in culture can be induced to flower when they are maintained in the dark.

Exogenously supplied cytokinins in the nutrient medium plays a major role for the development of a leaf shoot or multiple shoots from the meristem or shoot tip. Generally high cytokinins and low auxin are used in combination for the culture of shoot tip of meristem. Addition of adenine suifate in the nutrient medium also induces shoot tip multiplication in some areas. BAP is the most effective cytokinins commonly used in shoot tip or meristem culture. Similarly, NAA is most effective auxins used in shoot tip culture. Coconut milk and gibberlic acid are also equally effective for the growth of shoot apices in some cases.

Protocol:

1. Remove the young twings from the healthy plant. Cut the tip portion of the twig.         

2. Surface sterilize the shoot apices by incubation in a sodium hypochlorite solution ( 1% available chlorine) for 10 minutes. The explants are thoroughly rinsed 4 times in sterile distilled water.

3. Transfer each explant to a sterilize petridish.

4. Remove the outer leaves from each shoot apices with pair of jweller’s forceps. This lessens the possibility of cutting into the softer underlying tissues.

5. After the removal of all the outer leaves, the apex is exposed. Cut off the ultimate apex with the help of scalpel and transfer only those less than 1 mm in length to the surface of the agar medium or to the surface of Filter Paper Bridge. Flame the neck of culture tube before and after the transfer of excised tips. Binocular dissecting microscope can be used for cutting the true meristem or shoot tip perfectly.

6. Incubate the culture under 16 hrs light at 25 0C.

7. As soon as the growing single leafy shoot or multiple shoots obtained from single shoot tip or meristem, transfer them to hormone free medium to develop roots.

8. The plants form by this way are later transferred to pots containing compost and kept under green house condition for hardening.

top benefits of yoga

op 10 Benefits of Yoga in daily Life

Weight loss, a strong and flexible body, glowing beautiful skin, peaceful mind, good health – whatever you may be looking for, yoga has it on offer. However, very often, yoga is only partially understood as being limited to asanas (yoga poses). As such, its benefits are only perceived to be at the body level and we fail to realize the immense benefits yoga offers in uniting the body, mind and breath. When you are in harmony, the journey through life is calmer, happier and more fulfilling. 

With all this and much more to offer, the benefits of yoga are felt in a profound yet subtle manner. Here, we look at the top 10 benefits of yoga practice. 

1. All-round fitness. You are truly healthy when you are not just physically fit but also mentally and emotionally balanced. As Sri Sri Ravi Shankar puts it, “Health is not a mere absence of disease. It is a dynamic expression of life – in terms of how joyful, loving and enthusiastic you are.” This is where yoga helps: postures, pranayama (breathing techniques) and meditation are a holistic fitness package. 

• Yoga – My personal fitness mantra
• My weight-loss formula
• My mind soother
• My tool for better communication
• My creativity machine
• My doubt repeller
• My time planner

2. Weight loss. What many want! Yoga benefits here too. Sun Salutations and Kapal Bhati pranayama are some ways to help lose weight with yoga. Moreover, with regular practice of yoga, we tend to become more sensitive to the kind of food our body asks for and when. This can also help keep a check on weight. 

3. Stress relief. A few minutes of yoga during the day can be a great way to get rid of stress that accumulates daily - in both the body and mind. Yoga postures, pranayama and meditation are effective techniques to release stress. You can also experience how yoga helps de-tox the body and de-stress the mind at the Art of Living Yoga Level 2 Course.

4. Inner peace. We all love to visit peaceful, serene spots, rich in natural beauty. Little do we realize that peace can be found right within us and we can take a mini-vacation to experience this any time of the day! Benefit from a small holiday every day with yoga and meditation. Yoga is also one of the best ways to calm a disturbed mind.

5. Improved immunity. Our system is a seamless blend of the body, mind and spirit. An irregularity in the body affects the mind and similarly unpleasantness or restlessness in the mind can manifest as an ailment in the body. Yoga poses massage organs and stregthen muscles; breathing techniques and meditation release stress and improve immunity.

6. Living with greater awareness. The mind is constantly involved in activity – swinging from the past to the future – but never staying in the present. By simply being aware of this tendency of the mind, we can actually save ourselves from getting stressed or worked up and relax the mind. Yoga and pranayama help create that awareness and bring the mind back to the present moment, where it can stay happy and focused.

7. Better relationships. Yoga can even help improve your relationship with your spouse, parents, friends or loved ones! A mind that is relaxed, happy and contented is better able to deal with sensitive relationship matters. Yoga and meditation work on keeping the mind happy and peaceful; benefit from the strengthened special bond you share with people close to you.

8. Increased energy. Do you feel completely drained out by the end of the day? Shuttling between multiple tasks through the day can sometimes be quite exhausting. A few minutes of yoga everyday provides the secret to feeling fresh and energetic even after a long day. A 10-minute online guided meditation benefits you immensely, leaving you refreshed and recharged in the middle of a hectic day. 

9. Better flexibility & posture. You only need to include yoga in your daily routine to benefit from a body that is strong, supple and flexible. Regular yoga practice stretches and tones the body muscles and also makes them strong. It also helps improve your body posture when you stand, sit, sleep or walk. This would, in turn, help relieve you of body pain due to incorrect posture.

10. Better intuition. Yoga and meditation have the power to improve your intuitive ability so that you effortlessly realize what needs to be done, when and how, to yield positive results. It works. You only need to experience it yourself.

Remember, yoga is a continuous process. So keep practicing! The deeper you move into your yoga practice, the more profound are its benefit

Diseases

1. Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)

The deadliest disease in the world is coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD, also called ischemic heart disease, occurs when the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart become narrowed. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 7.4 million people died of ischemic heart disease in 2012. That was about 13.2 percent of all deaths.

In the United  States, about 600,000 people die of heart disease every year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). That makes it the deadliest disease in the U.S., as well as the world. In the U.S. the most common type of heart disease is CAD, which takes about 380,000 lives each year.

Among the risk factors are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. Regular exercise, good nutrition, and weight control can help lower your risk of developing CAD.

Where you live matters. Although it’s still the leading cause of death, mortality rates have declined in many European countries and in the United States. This may be due to better prevention and access to quality healthcare. However, in many developing nations, mortality rates due to CAD are on the rise.

2. Stroke

A stroke is when an artery in the brain is blocked or leaks. Oxygen-deprived brain cells begin to die within minutes.

Stroke was responsible for 6.7 million deaths around the world in 2012, according to WHO. That figure represents about 11.9 percent of all deaths. CDC figures show that nearly 130,000 people in the United States die of stroke each year — that’s one person every four minutes. About one in four strokes occur in people who have had a prior stroke. Stroke is also a leading cause of disability.

Risk factors for stroke are similar to those for CAD. In general, good health habits can lower your risks.

3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

COPD is a chronic, progressive lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are types of COPD.

About 3.1 million deaths were attributed to COPD in 2012, according to WHO. That represents about 5.6 percent of deaths, a rate that has held steady since 2000. In 2004, abo

The main cause of COPD is tobacco — and that means secondhand smoke, too. Another factor is air pollution, both indoors and out. COPD affects men and women at about the same rate. There’s no cure for COPD, but its progression can be slowed down with medication.

The American Lung Association estimates that in 2011, 12.7 million adults in the United States had COPD, but even more showed some sign of lung problems. There’s a great variation in the number of cases from state to state. In 2011, about 4 percent of people in Minnesota and Washington had COPD. In Alabama and Kentucky, it was more than 9 percent.

4. Lower Respiratory Infections

WHO estimates that lower respiratory infections caused about 3.1 million, or 5.5 percent of deaths in 2012. This group of diseases includes pneumonia, bronchitis, and influenza.

Flu season lasts from December through February in the Northern Hemisphere and from June through August in the Southern Hemisphere. The risk is year round in tropical regions.

According to the CDC, about 20 percent of travelers returning to the United States seek medical attention for respiratory infection following a trip. Packed cruise ships, hotels, and other close quarters increase risk of transmission and outbreaks of disease.

5. Trachea, Bronchus, and Lung Cancers

Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer are all respiratory cancers. The main causes of this type of cancer are smoking, second-hand smoke, and environmental toxins.

WHO estimates that in 2012, 1.6 million people died from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers. These cancers represent about 2.9 percent of all deaths globally.

6. HIV/AIDS

*Source: amfAR

HIV is short for human immunodeficiency virus. It’s a virus that attacks the immune system. HIV can cause AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS is a chronic, life-threatening condition.

According to the Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR), since the start of the pandemic, almost 39 million people have died due to HIV/AIDS. In 2013, about 1.5 million people lost their lives to AIDS. That’s about 2.7 percent of deaths worldwide.

By the end of 2012, 35.3 million people around the world were infected with HIV. Every day, about 5,700 more become infected.

Rates vary dramatically by geographical location. HIV is rampant in sub-Saharan Africa, where almost one in 20 adults has it. The region is home to 70 percent of all people who have HIV. Sadly, it’s also home to 91 percent of the HIV-positive children in the world.

7. Diarrheal Diseases

Diarrhea is when you pass three or more loose stools a day. When diarrhea lasts more than a few days, your body loses too much water and salt. Death is due to dehydration. Diarrhea is usually caused by an intestinal infection transmitted through viruses, bacteria, or even parasites. This type of infection can easily spread through contaminated water or food. It’s particularly widespread in developing nations that have poor sanitary conditions.

WHO estimates that 1.5 million people died from diarrheal diseases in 2012, which comprises about 2.7 percent of deaths. Fortunately, that’s down from 2.2 million in 2000. Diarrheal disease is the second top killer of children under age five. Tragically, about 760,000 children die from diarrheal diseases each year.

According to a 2009 Unicef report, every year there are about 2.5 billion cases of diarrhea involving children under five years old. More than 50 percent occur in Africa and South Asia. More than 80 percent of child deaths due to diarrhea occur in those regions.

According to Unicef, healthy behaviors such as good handwashing technique can reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases by 40 percent. Progress is being made in the fight against diarrheal diseases, but much work remains. Improved sanitization and water quality can help prevent diarrheal diseases. Access to early medical intervention can be the difference between life and death.

8. Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a group of diseases that affect insulin production and use. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas can no longer produce insulin. The cause is not known. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or it can’t be used effectively. Type 2 diabetes can be caused by a number of factors, including poor diet, lack of exercise, and carrying too much weight.

In 2012, about 1.5 million people died from diabetes-related causes, according to WHO. People in low to middle income countries are more likely to die from complications of diabetes.

9. Preterm Birth Complications

According to WHO, in 2012, as many as 1.1 million deaths were due to prematurity and complications due to low birth weight. Three-quarters of these deaths happen within the first week of life. Lack of skilled medical care makes this a huge problem in developing countries. Many newborn deaths could be avoided with good prenatal and postnatal care.

10. Tuberculosis (TB)

TB is a lung condition caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s an airborne disease that is often successfully treated. Some strains of TB are resistant to conventional treatments. Second-line drugs used to treat these patients are in limited supply. Some strains fail to respond to second-line treatment as well.

In 2012, about 900,000 people lost their lives to TB, according to WHO estimates. The majority of TB-related deaths happen in poorer countries. It is one of the top causes of death for people who have HIV.

Worthy of Mention

They didn’t make the top 10 deadliest disease list, but these diseases are definitely worth noting.

Malaria is caused by a parasite that infects mosquitos. People get it from the bite of an infected mosquito. Malaria caused about 627,000 deaths in 2012, according to WHO. Sub-Saharan Africa took the brunt with 90 percent of all malaria deaths. Malaria is not contagious.

Measles is a contagious viral disease that can be prevented through immunization. In 2010, it killed about 139,300 people around the world, according to the CDC.

carrier option in biotechnology

TECHNOLOGY CAREERS

When most people think of opportunities for careers in biotechnology, they think of a scientist in a white coat in a laboratory developing drugs to improve the quality of life. However, biotechnology has a wide variety of career opportunities ranging from sales and marketing, to research and development, to manufacturing and quality control and assurance.

The biotechnology industry continues to flourish nationwide. Not only are the total number of biotechnology companies increasing, but employment in the biotechnology field continues to grow as well. 

Links to Career Information and Employment Opportunities

Biotechnology in the United States is a dynamic industry so there are many opportunities for employment. Below are some links to job listings and information about careers in the biotech field.

\arious biotechnology careers include forensic DNA analyst, scientist, clinical research associate job, laboratory assistant, microbiologist, greenhouse and field technician, bioinformatics specialist, animal caretaker and many more.

A survey conducted by a private firm, to find out what are 10 happiest professions in America had some interesting findings. Conclusions were made after 200,000 people working in 70,000 different jobs were interviewed. A lot of things were taken under consideration: how much people appreciate their daily tasks, bosses, co-workers, salary, company culture and reputation…All examined subjects ranked how investigated factors correlate with their overall satisfaction. Salary wasn't most important factor for employee’s happiness. Type of a daily jobs, control over work done and relationship with colleagues were considered most important. Career that combines all necessary factors to make people enjoy time spent in their offices (laboratories) – is career in biotechnology! 

Biotechnology is combining knowledge about life and living organisms with modern technology to create new systems, devices, materials, food…that could improve human life and help preserve environment. Most biotechnology products are associated with agriculture, food industry and medicine, and logically - careers in those fields are most popular.

Following is an interesting summary of options in Biotechnology as a career:

A list of careers in biotech is long; here are few that sound really interesting: 

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Laboratory Assistant

Scientific laboratory could perform different kind of research, but as a laboratory assistant your main duties will be sampling, measuring, collecting and analyzing investigated data… Maintenance of laboratory equipment such as centrifuges, titrators, pipetting machines…is also one of the tasks. Laboratory tests and strict methodology are very important especially when hazardous material is under investigation. Besides using typical lab equipment in work – computational analysis of given data is also important. High quality laboratory work is necessary for later research and development stages.

Average Salary (per month) for a laboratory assistant may range from:
US $1500-2500
In India, salaries may range between: INR 10,000-25000

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Greenhouse and Field Technician

Modern agricultural research is dealing with new, genetically modified plants. As a greenhouse and field technician, you’ll be in charge for planting seeds, pollinating plants, applying fertilizers and pesticides. Special attention to the problems that may arise (pest, disease…) is extremely important as those are genetically modified organisms. Basic knowledge of equipment used in everyday work as well as computer knowledge is also very important for this position.

Average Salary (per month) for a Green House and Field Technician may range from:
US $2500-3000
In India, salaries may range between: INR 15,000-30,000 (or more, depending upon the experience)

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Forensic DNA Analyst

This position is usually associated with crime laboratories where DNA analysis is performed to solve legal issues. Urine, saliva, blood, semen, hair…those are the samples that could be used for DNA analysis. After sample collection, DNA is extracted and analyzed using couple methods (PCR, electrophoresis). Final results are further compared with the already known DNA profiles. Methodology is strict: properly collected and stored evidence, documentation on technical laboratory details and well written final reports are essential for successful prosecution. Depending on the laboratory size, employees could be more or less specialized.  

Average Salary (per month) for a Forensic DNA Analyst may range from:
US $4000-5000
In India, salaries may range between: INR 30,000-40,000 (or more, depending upon the experience)

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Clinical Research Associate

Clinical research associate (CRA) is monitoring clinical trials on a new drug. After preclinical studies (when tested on animals) are finished, drug is entering clinical trials where (depending on the study phase) smaller or larger group of people will be evaluated for possible adverse effects. CRA is included both in study design and in writing reports using given results. Close monitoring is especially important to make sure that protocol is not violated. Clinical data is collected, summarized and analyzed to help made final conclusion on a drug effect.

Average Salary (per month) for a Clinical Research Associate may range from:
US $4500-5000
In India, salaries may range between: INR 20,000-25,000 (or more, depending upon the experience and repute of the firm)

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Bioinformatics Specialist

Bioinformatics is combining biology and computers. Data derived from various studies (DNA associated experiments, for example) is gathered in the computers. Software is in charge for data organization, manipulation and final analysis. Data mining is useful way to collect lot of publically available and jet relevant data that could be used in different experimental stages (for comparison or quick information extraction) or to help merge data from different sources. Programming skills are necessary for software and database manufacture and maintenance.

Average Salary (per month) for a Bioinformatics Specialist may range from:
US $5000-6000
In India, salaries may range between: INR 30,000-45,000 (or more, depending upon the experience and repute of the firm)

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Animal Caretaker

Animal caretaker is nurturing animals used in biotech research. List of species used is long: all the way from mice and rats to cows and chimps. Water and food supplies, cage cleaning, animal health monitoring, relocation, milking, artificial insemination…  a lot of duties need to be performed and not all tasks are representative. If you put aside that animals have specific odor (and different bodily fluids and excretions) keep in mind that watching animal suffer during experiments isn’t easy or nice thing to do.
Average Salary (per month) for an Animal Caretaker may range from:
US $1000-1200
In India, salaries may range between: INR 10,000-15,000

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Production Engineer
A Production Engineer role can be obtained in any Biotechnology Product based company (like Cosmetics/FMCG, Pharmaceutical firms, Food industry etc). Role of a production engineer involves mapping process parameters to keep the line of production progressive (which is crucial for any large scale production company, especially pharmaceuticals).

Average Salary (per month) for a Production Engineer may range from:
US $6000-7000
In India, salaries may range between: INR 30,000-50,000 (depending upon experience, institute of study and company as well)

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Qualiy Assurance (QA) Engineer
For becoming a quality assurance engineer in a biotechnology company, you need to have specialization/professional experience in Microbiology/Aseptic compliance. Role of a QA engineer is to ensure contamination free and standardized product formation. Controlling the the level of toxins, microbial contamination, proportions of various constituents is what comes under the role of a QA engineer.

Average Salary (per month) for a QA engineer may range from:
US $5000-6000
In India, salaries may range between: INR 25,000-30,000 (depending upon experience, institute of study and company as well)

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Consultant
Companies like McKinsey, IBM, Evalueserve, Wipro, TCS, Deloitte etc hire biotechnology consultants for market research, knowledge process outsourcing, Audits, R&D etc.

Average Salary (per month) for a Consultant may range from:
US $6000-8000
In India, salaries may range between: INR 30,000-1,00,000 (depending upon experience, institute of study and company as well)

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Number of people working in biotech industry in USA is exceeding 180.000. List of possible occupations is long and will expand as biotech is growing and moving in various directions with each new day. You just need to figure out what part of it you like the most.

field in biology

Courses after 12th Science

Today, education is very much compulsory to build a good career. Students are used to wandering here and there for right career and best guidance.

Here we are going to provide career counselling guidance for the students who wish to search their career after 12^th. We refer to those students who are having science group in 12^th standard. Sciences students can appear in JEE Main 2016 and AIPMT 2016, for admission to top engineering and medical colleges of the country receptively.

There are more over lakh of students who are surrounded with (?) marks regarding their various types of queries. Many students search a lot related to career after 12^th in the field of Science stream/Commerce stream/ Arts stream.

Are you also looking for the right reply of the following questions.

Science students generally ask which are the best courses available after 12th science with Biology or with Mathematics. Most of the students who are having Mathematics in 12th standard, they ask questions about the courses available other than engineering. We are providing career counselling material which will clear all of your doubts related to science stream.

Career after 12^th Science

Medical Courses

So you are a student of science and you have done your 10+2 with PCB (Biology). Now you have the opportunity to choose your right career. Here we have some study option after 12^th.

Are you imagining that to be part of the healthcare industry?

If, yes.

You are interested in medical side which is more reliable and suits your subjects. You can choose the medical field as your area of interest. The medical field is one of the best and prominent fields for the students having science group in 10+2 standard.

After 12th science entrance exam?

You need to go for an entrance examination to get the admission in the medical degree course.

Admission in most of the professional courses in medical fields is based on either merit or through the entrance test.

Want to read more about medical sector?

More About Medical Courses >>

Business Courses

Are you ever affected by the corporate world for the attitude and professionalism?

If, yes.

You can choose the business world. And there are so many reputed courses like BBA or integrated BBA and MBA course etc. where you can earn your dreams. You will have to work in commercial, administration, selling and finance environment.

Want to read more about business sector?

More About Business Courses >>

Engineering Courses

Would you like to be an Engineer?

You could go for the engineering study. Students even ask after completion of 12^th with the PCB group that:

Is there a good career after 12th science math/PCM?

Yes, all your queries exist positive, but not with the PCB group. If you are still interested in an engineering career, you will have to do the 10+2 again with math.

Want to read more about engineering sector?

More About Engg. Courses >>

Arts Courses

Yes, whether you are an artistic, you can choose the arts field. Art stream is also open for the science students.

Want to read more about arts sector?

More About Arts Courses >>

Available Courses after 12th Science

Courses after 12^th Science with PCB:

• MBBS
• BAMS (Ayurvedic)
• BHMS (Homoeopathy)
• BUMS (Unani)
• BDS
• Bachelor of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry (B.VSc AH)
• Bachelor of Naturopathy & Yogic Science (BNYS)
• Bachelor of Physiotherapy
• Integrated M.Sc
• B.Sc. Nursing
• B.Sc. Dairy Technology
• B.Sc. Home Science
• Bachelor of Pharmacy
• Biotechnology
• BOT (Occupational Therapy)
• General Nursing
• BMLT (Medical Lab Technology)
• Paramedical Courses
• B.Sc. Degree
• BA
• LLB (Bachelor of Law)
• Education/ Teaching
• Travel & Tourism Courses
• Environmental Science
• Fashion Technology
• Hotel Management
• Designing Courses
• Media/ Journalism Courses
• Film/ Television Courses
• CA Program
• ICWA Program
• CS Program

Courses after 12^th science with PCM:

• Engineering (B.E/ B.Tech)
• B.Arch
• Integrated M.Sc
• BCA
• B.Com
• Defence (Navy, Army, Air force)
• B.Sc. Degree
• BA
• LLB (Bachelor of Law)
• Education/ Teaching
• Travel & Tourism Courses
• Environmental Science
• Fashion Technology
• Hotel Management
• Designing Courses
• Media/ Journalism Courses
• Film/ Television Courses
• CA Program
• ICWA Program
• CS Program

Diploma courses after 12^th Science:

• Diploma in Beauty Culture & Hair Dressing
• Computer Hardware
• Fashion Designing – DFD
• Dress Designing – DDD
• Drawing and Painting
• Cutting and Tailoring
• Web Designing
• Graphic Designing
• Information Technology
• Application Software Development – DASD
• Textile Designing – DTD
• Hospital & Health Care Management
• Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
• Film Arts & A/V Editing
• Animation and Multimedia
• Print Media Journalism & Communications
• Film Making & Digital Video Production
• Mass Communication
• Mass Media and Creative Writing
• Animation Film Making
• Air Hostess
• Air Crew
• Event Management
• HR Training
• Computer Courses
• Foreign Language Courses

Jobs

Once you would have completed your graduation, you will have a wide range of job opportunity.

You are now eligible to get the platform in government and private sector. By the nature of the course what you have done you can choose your job sectors.

Due to the growing industrialization in India, the employment options are increasing.

You can be a healthcare professional.

Or

You can be an engineer.

Or

You can be a creator or business professional or scientist or teacher etc.

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